概要:定语从句又称为形容词性从句,引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词:who, whom, that, which, as, whose等和关系副词when, where, why等,关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语,表语,定语等;关系副词则在从句中充当状语。定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,关键是看有无逗号把先行词与定语从句分开。若有,是非限定性定语从句,此时关系词不能省略;若无,则是限定性定语从句。综观历年高考试题,我们可以发现该语法项目是测试中的热点与难点。为了便于同学们复习该语法点时有所侧重,本文拟就其考点作以归纳。一、考查几组关系词异同1. 考查先行词是物时,关系代词which, that充当主语或宾语异同:在限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语关系代词which, that一般可以互换,关系代词作宾语时还可以省略。(1)which用于下列情况:( I )如果引导的是非限定性定语从句; (II)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前; (III)先行词本身是that等。(2)that用于下列情况:( I ) 先行词是all, everything,
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定语从句又称为形容词性从句,引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词:who, whom, that, which, as, whose等和关系副词when, where, why等,关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语,表语,定语等;关系副词则在从句中充当状语。定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,关键是看有无逗号把先行词与定语从句分开。若有,是非限定性定语从句,此时关系词不能省略;若无,则是限定性定语从句。综观历年高考试题,我们可以发现该语法项目是测试中的热点与难点。为了便于同学们复习该语法点时有所侧重,本文拟就其考点作以归纳。
一、考查几组关系词异同
1. 考查先行词是物时,关系代词which, that充当主语或宾语异同:在限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语关系代词which, that一般可以互换,关系代词作宾语时还可以省略。(1)which用于下列情况:( I )如果引导的是非限定性定语从句; (II)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前; (III)先行词本身是that等。(2)that用于下列情况:( I ) 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词;(II)先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰;(III)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词;(IV)先行词被the only, the very(正是、恰是),the last修饰;(V)先行词中既有人也有物;(VI)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句等。另外需要注意:先行词是the way,并在定语从句充当状语时,关系代词用that或省略,若用which,其前加介词in。
[典型考题]
①(09江西)The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which
②(07年浙江)Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
③(04湖北) What surprised me was not what he said but ______he said it.
A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way which
④(10全国Ⅱ)I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
解析:①B。该题考查的是定语从句中关系代词前的介词位于谓语动词之后,关系代词可以省略,定语从句补充完整为:(which/that) I grew up in,修饰先行词the house。若选择D项,应该用in which I grew up ②B。先行词Chan’s restaurant在非限制性定语从句充当used to be poorly run的主语,故用which。③A。在not…but…结构中,前后应一致,因but之前是名词性从句,故其后也应该是名词性从句或与之相对的名词等,又因the way在该定语从句充当方式状语,所以关系词用that, in which或省略,故选the way。④B。不定代词something在定语从句作主语,用that引导。
2. 考查先行词是人,关系代词who,whom,that充当主语或宾语异同:在限定性定语从句中充当主语一般用who,that;充当宾语时三者可以互换或关系代词还可以省略。下列情况用who或whom:( I )在非限定性定语从句中,先行词是人,并在从句中充当主语,关系代词用who,充当宾语,用whom或who(口语中),(II)先行词是人,介词后的宾语,只能用whom等。
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[典型考题]
①(06北京)Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ______ don’t.
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填
②(10浙江)The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A.whom B.which C.them D.those
解析:①C。两处都是考查定语从句,并且都是关系代词充当主语,第一个空格前的women是其后的定语从句的先行词,并在从句中充当主语,第二个空格前的those指代的是women,是其后的定语从句的先行词,并在从句中充当主语,故前后两空都用who。②A。在非限定性定语从句中表示人的先行词
“1,000 people”充当介词of的宾语,故用whom。
3. 先行词是人时,关系代词which与who/whom在定语从句的区别:关系代词which引导定语从句,并在从句中作表语或补足语时,其先行词可以是表示人的职业、身份、性格、才能等,但这里的人不是指具体的人;而who在定语从句中作主语、宾语(口语),whom在定语从句中只作宾语,who或whom代的先行词是具体的人的名词或代词。
[典型考题]
①(05湖北)Her sister has become a lawyer, ______she wanted to be.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
②(07北京)We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy.
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
解析:①D。此处的lawyer从表面看指的是人,但实际上是人的职业,并在非限制性定语从句充当be动词的表语。故用which。②D。先行词people在非限制性定语从句充当介词of的宾语,故用whom。
4. 关系代词whose与which在定语从句作定语的区别:在“(介词)+关系代词+名词”中,关系代词作定语,一般多用whose(即指人,也指物);但若名词是case, point, reason, fact, situation, time等抽象名词用来总结整个主句的情况或句子的部分内容时,作定语的关系代词用which,结构常见于“介词+关系代词+名词”。另外需要注意:物作定语时,whose+名词=the +名词+of+which 或of+which +the+名词。
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